Milton Burns
Symbionts are part of the plant-associated microbial diversity, and they protect their hosts from a variety of threats. Soil toxic chemicals and soil-borne pathogens are buffered by mycorrhizal and rhizospheric microorganisms. Plant protection is provided by endophytic bacteria and fungi, some of which are vertically inherited through seeds, by acting directly on aggressive forces mostly pathogens and herbivores or by augmenting plant responses.