జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ అడ్వాన్స్‌డ్ కెమికల్ ఇంజనీరింగ్

నైరూప్య

Nature of chemical elements

Henadzi Filipenka

The main problem is that using X-ray to determine the crystal lattices of different materials, and why they are such and not others is not yet known. For example, copper crystallizes in the FCC lattice, and iron in the bcc, which upon heating becomes fcc and this transition is used in the heat treatment of steels. The literature cites many factors affecting the crystallization of atoms, so I decided to remove them as much as possible, and the metal model in the article, let’s say, ideal, i.e. all atoms are the same (pure metal) without inclusions, without implants, without defects, etc., using the Hall effect and other data on the properties of the elements, as well as Ashcroft and Mermin's calculations - the main determining factor for the type of lattice was the external electrons of the atom’s core or ion that turned into as a result of the transfer of part of the electrons of the atom to the conduction band of the crystal. It turned out that the metal bond is caused not only by the socialization of electrons, but also by the external electrons of the atomic cores, which determine directivity or type of crystal lattice. A change in the type of metal lattice can be associated with the transition of an electron into the conduction band or its return from this band. I built the model so that the corresponding number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom is obtained, as well as to clarify the known properties and understand the packing of nucleons ... we get both a teardrop and shell model ... in the shell of alpha particles, the remaining neutrons are inside.